ABSTRACT
Objectives@#This study aimed to identify the opinions of Gyeongsangbuk-do residents on out-of-hours (OOH) pharmacies and to examine the operating experiences of pharmacists who are operating OOH pharmacies in other areas. @*Methods@#Cross-sectional survey was carried out for 1,000 Gyeongbuk residents employing a questionnaire via online or face-to-face, and 82 pharmacists who currently operate OOH pharmacies employing a postal questionnaire. Out of eighty-two, 46 pharmacists replied (response rate 56.1%). @*Results@#As for the necessity of introducing OOH pharmacies in Gyeongsangbuk-do, 84.9% answered more than necessary.86.1% favored the local government support for OOH pharmacies. The necessity of OOH pharmacies was highly evaluated among participants who experienced to be unable to use medicines or services in out of service hours, regardless of their characteristics or health condition. County residents consistently put a positive opinion for the necessity of OOH pharmacies if they have elderly family member(s), while city residents had significant differences across subgroups depending on their conditions (family members, household economics, health status, etc.). Almost all (95.7%) pharmacist participants highly evaluated the necessity of OOH pharmacies and the majority of them (63.0%) felt satisfied. However, 60.9% of participants have ever considered closing their OOH pharmacy business due to private, business management and professional reasons. @*Conclusion@#This study made suggestions to address anticipated issues for the Gyeongbuk-style OOH pharmacy model.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Anti-inflammation, anti-bactericidal, and collagen synthesis are important for health skin conditions. However, the effect of horse oil on anti-inflammation, anti-bactericidal, and collagen synthesis is largely unknown. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-bactericidal, anti-inflammatory, and synthesis of type I collagen of horse oil. METHODS: Anti-bacterial effect was evaluated by disc diffusion test. Expressions of inflammatory cytokines were studied by RT-PCR analysis, real time PCR. Type I collagen expression was evaluated by Western blot in human HaCaT kertinocytes and fibroblasts. RESULTS: Our data showed that horse oil exerted anti-bacterial effect on P.acnes and S.aureus. Expression of IL-10 was increased by horse oil-treated HaCaT cells. In addition, increased expression of type I collagen was observed in horse oil-treated human skin fibroblasts. CONCLUSION: Horse oil exerts an anti-bactericidal effect against P.acnes and S.aureus. In addition, anti-inflammatory and anti-aging effects of horse oil will be mediated by up-regulation of IL-10 and type I collagen, respectively.
Subject(s)
Humans , Blotting, Western , Collagen , Collagen Type I , Cytokines , Diffusion , Fibroblasts , Horses , Interleukin-10 , Keratinocytes , Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction , Skin , Up-RegulationABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: The study aimed to explore dental status and denture satisfaction in some rural elderly people. METHODS: A total of 546 participants aged over 65 years was surveyed cross-sectionally. The subjects were surveyed with regard to their denture satisfaction by a structured questionnaire. The Wilcoxon or Kruskal-Wallis test was used for analysis. RESULTS: As for respondents' satisfaction for dentures by the Likert scale of 5 score, aesthetic satisfaction (3.73) was highest, followed by general satisfaction (3.56) and masticatory functions satisfaction (3.45). In addition, the educational level, occupation, monthly income, the number of remaining teeth, use of denture variables have statistically significant difference in the denture satisfaction of those elderly people interviewed. CONCLUSIONS: The results showed that denture satisfaction in some rural elderly people was different in each categories. Consequently, providing tailor-made oral health education programs for the effective denture management of the elderly people should be needed in order to improve the quality of life of the aged.